Methodology And Methods Of Public Open Space Management

Chapter2: Methodology and Methods 2.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the methods used in the research. Literature review is the fundamental method for the research. Through a review on previous literature, the context of public open space management and different dimensions of place-keeping will be established as essential evidence on the data analysis and recommendation part of the following chapter. In addition, this research follows a case study approach as the main research method, whereby three community gardens in London is used to find out whether the long-term management process is happening or not, and how it is operated. 2.2 Literature review-methods used when reviewing Literature was started with†¦show more content†¦2.3 Case study-the crucial approach of the research Case study is regarded as a particularly useful approach for the research. There are a great number of books and paper write about how to conduct qualitative studies. Case study as one of them are often mentioned and widely used in academic research (Sykes, 1990; Denzin and Lincoln 2000; Rossman and Marshall 1999). Through investigate on one or more cases, such method can provide a comprehensive analysis on the context and detailed processes (Meyer 2001). As Leonard (1990) argued, case study is a particular way to tackle with how and why questions. Furthermore, a great advantage of case study is that it helps to get more information on the holistic view of the process. In other words, researchers can get information of the case from different aspects, make comparison among them and examine the inter-relationship within the total environment. Although single case is acceptable in case study method, it is not enough to achieve generalizability. Leonard (1990) argued that multi-case approach can avoid the limitation on generalizability, also make the findings moreShow MoreRelatedAn Effective Image File Storage Technique Using Data De Duplication Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesmachine images that are managed to support infrastructure as a service (IaaS). For example, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) has 6,521 public virtual machine images. This creates several challenges in management of image files in a cloud computing environment. In particular, a large amount of duplicate data that exists in image files consumes significant storage space. To address this problem, we propose an effective image file storage technique using data de-duplication with a modified fixed-sizeRead MoreWhere Is Facilities Location For A Favorable Site Location?1106 Words   |  5 Pagesalternative ranking quantitative methods. This work offers risk evaluation methods, as an indispensable factor in facility location. 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Policing The Lives Of Black And Latino Boys - 1348 Words

Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys The book Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys was written by Victor M. Rios, containing 174 pages, and was published in 2011 by the New York University Press. In total, the book contains eight chapters with a preface, expanding on the methods and measures Rios used to collect information and interviews, and an appendix that Rios used to further explain the sociological impact criminology and race have had throughout history. The research for the book takes place in the ghetto of Oakland, California over a three-year period from 2002 to 2005. Having a previous history in Oakland, Rios decided to shadow and interview black and Latino adolescence males from poverty and lower-class†¦show more content†¦The concept of hypercriminalization specifically leads Rios to question how punishment, surveillance, and the criminal justice system affect minority adolescent males. Additionally, Rios wanted to know how the roles of authority figures such as police, school teachers, pare nts, and probation officers influenced or hindered adolescent male’s lives. For the study, Rios decided to shadow and conduct in-depth interviews with forty adolescent males, both Latino and African-American between the ages of fourteen and seventeen at the time of recruitment, from neighborhoods around Oakland, California. Additionally, Rios observed and informally interviewed seventy-eight other adolescent males that were friends or acquaintances of the boys Rios selected to study in-depth. Over the course of the study, Rios witnessed firsthand how all the adolescent boys were brutalized by rival gangs, peers, officers, and social institutions such as schools whether the boys were labeled delinquent or not. A large majority of the boys were arrested at some time during the study and all the boys were regularly searched by police on random occasions for no other reason than that the officers believed they appeared suspicious. The boys faced a vicious cycle of social controls that demanded unrealistic expectations. When the boys were unable to accomplish the goals society demanded of them, they were labeled deviants and criminals with no support of the community or state in overcoming theShow MoreRelatedJustice, Masculinity, And Race And Crime Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesPunished Victor Rios is not only an author of a book called Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, but he is also an ex-felon. Rios holds a PH.D. in sociology and is now an assistant professor at the University of Santa Barbara. Victor Rios has published on juvenile justice, masculinity, and race and crime in scholarly in journals such as the Critical Criminology. 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Pollutant Hazards Free Essays

Such pollutants that are released are as follows; ; Zinc, which comes from the weathering or age of pipes; ; Copper, which can come from brake linings, worn pipes and fittings; Pollutant Hazards ; Used Motor Oil; ; Organic Waster such as garbage, animals droppings, leaves and grass clippings; ; Nitrogen and Phosphorus from lawn and garden fertilizers All of the above pollutants are distributed through the storm drains and into the fresh water streams and rivers, causing our fresh water supply to be significantly polluted. (Kennedy, Robert F. ,Jar. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollutant Hazards or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Who speaks for the environment? There are also polluted runoffs which go into fresh water and occurs when precipitation over and through the soil. This causes the pollutants to be picked up and carried away being delivered into our lakes, rivers, oceans and other wetlands, sun pollutants are as Tools; ; Fertilizer ; Pesticides ; Live stock ; Mining waste ; Construction sediments ; Soil erosion and etc. With our Fresh Water supply facing the many factors than continue to cause our water supply to constantly be polluted, also causing a depletion in our fresh water supply. For a human to consume water that is contaminated on a regular daily basis an create enormous health hazards to both human and animals. (Kennedy, Robert F. , Jar. â€Å"Who speaks for the environment? ) Ocean water pollutants are contributed by land, river’s emptying in the ocean, oil spills, gas spills, marines, fisherman and many others. Ocean waters may suffer from â€Å"beach†, which is when dolphins, turtles, and other sea or ocean creatures are unintentionally killed by fisherman. Then there is what they call â€Å"habitat destruction†, which occurs when trawl catching nets that are dragged along the Ocean floor to catch fish destroy the habitats taking everything with it or pulling it room the Ocean floor and to drop it in another location when it is released from the net. The pollutants that are released into the ocean water ultimately effects our fish and the quality of our produce that we feed off of as well as slowing the rate in which sea and/or ocean animals may populate. Ground Pollutants Ground pollutants are contributed by both air and water pollution, which is hazardous for all growing plants including but not limited to crops as well as humans and Pollutant Hazards animals that feed from those plants and crops. Ground pollution is also caused by he everyday garbage found on the streets within your community, along with terrestrial land which is being used as a land fill for everyone’s garbage including recyclable, because it is commonly overlooked. When it comes to our environment suffering and the individuals that live within our environment that suffering from the hazards of pollutions, it is time to make changes. There is no good impact when discussing the issues of pollution. Reaching Sustainability One way to lesson the air pollutants released each day would be to reduce the amount AT rolling Ana transporting jean person does everyday commuting Deck Ana Roth from place to place. I think that it would help if factories and other corporations found other means of energy versus releasing large amount of air pollutants into the environment each day. There needs to be more individuals that take an interest in not only helping their environment but as well as their health. It is time fore every individual to become aware of the health risks that air pollutants cause to them, their children and unborn children due to the mother inhaling the pollutants, it also affects animals and plants that required air to breathe to continue their existence. Due to the health risks that air pollutions can also cause, it is suggested that during the time we are trying to undergo Pollutant Hazards control of the air pollution that all individuals cut down on and all physical activity during high-pollution days. (In brief; Heart aches for clean air. Harvard Health Letter) â€Å"The Environmental Protection Agency has a Web site, dubbed Air Now (wean. Gob/rainbow), that lists particulate and ozone levels throughout the country. (In brief; Heart aches for clean air. Harvard Health Letter) â€Å"High temperatures in the days ahead increase ground-level ozone, but the seasonality of articulate pollution depends on where you live. † (In brief; Heart aches for clean air. Harvard Health Letter) â€Å"East of the Mississippi, levels are highest starting about now through September because sulfates are more readily formed from sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants in warm temperatures. † (In brief; Heart aches for clean air. Harvard Health Letter) â€Å"In the western half of the country, levels are higher from October to December because much of the particulate pollution there is in the form of nitrates, which form as temperatures cool off. † (In brief; Heart aches for clean air. Harvard Health Letter) Water pollution seems like a harder pollution to try to sustain; or we could make it a little simple and take out of the contributing factors that lead to water pollution and not use them. It is a fact that water pollution can never be 100% cured but we can make the effort to better it, such as taking away the pesticides and using natural resources that have been proven to work for the same purpose that the pesticide is being used. Then there are the garbage droppings, fertilizer and oils from vehicles that run into the water, â€Å"Clean up after yourself and your animals people†, all it takes is a moments. There are a lot of factors that contribute to water pollution that can be eliminated. Ground pollutants would be manageable and contained by the time that the air pollution and water pollution were under control. However, I would make it mandatory for every residence or business to recycle. I would mandate certain times wherein community service would be exercised to clean up our streets and remove any garbage that and enforce a large fine upon those that continue to freely pollute Dye Legendary garbage Ana toner materials Trebly upon Lana Ana not disposing of them properly. Within this plan come exceptional benefits such as healthier individuals, cleaner air, water, and surroundings, and the conservation of our environment. Within this land lie many challenges and the first one being that of the individuals taking responsibility for their own actions and changing a routine that most people have become all too comfortable with. Conserving our environment is not a one person job nor can 50% of our world’s population complete this task on its own, this takes the effort of everybody and the support and funds from the government. I do not for see seeking global support being a complication considering a significant amount of people are working to gain control and reduce the amount of pollution we are subjected to each day. However, changes that need to be made and enforced will require funds Pollutant Hazards from the government to help assist such as financing solar panels, providing each place of residence or business a recycle bin and possible taking a few of the abandoned building that have been forgotten about because of new terrestrial land being destroyed and making recycling factories that run off of natural energy that are placed in more local and convenient areas. Our world is a place that requires care and compassion and the time and patients to conserve our land while we as individuals that enjoy our health. How to cite Pollutant Hazards, Papers

International Law Essay Example For Students

International Law Essay International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states:The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison d’etat, the â€Å"interests of the state†, and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding. The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN’s contribution to the development of international law. It’s judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. T he Court observed:It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment ofthe living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not sta tic. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State’s preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. Affirmative Action Affirmative Action EssayAs the subject matter of the law becomes more politicized, states are less willing to enter into formal regulation, or do so only with loopholes for escape from apparent constraints. In this area, called the law of community, governments are generally less willing to sacrifice their soverein liberties. In a revolutionary international system where change is rapid and direction unclear, the integrity of the law of community is weak, and compliance of its often flaccid norms is correspondingly uncertain. The law of the political framework resides above these other two levels and consists of the legal norms governing the ultimate power relations of states. This is the most politicized level of international relations; hence pertinent law is extremely primitive. Those legal norms that do exist suffer from all the political machinations of the states who made them. States have taken care to see that their behaviour is only minimally constrained; the few legal norms they have created always provide avenues of escape such as the big-power veto in the UN Security Council. Despite the many failures and restrictions of international law, material interdpendence, especially among the states of equivalent power, may foster the growth of positive legal principles. In addition, as friendships and emnities change,, some bilateral law may cease to be observed among new emnities, but new law may arise among new friends who have newfound mutual interests. In the meantime, some multicultural law may have been developed. Finally, research suggests that the social effects of industrialization are universal and that they result in intersocial tolerances that did not exist during periods of disparate economic capability. On social, political, ane economic grounds, therefore, international law is intrinsic to the transformation and modernization of the international system, even though the â€Å"law of the political context† has remained so far.